Techno Tips n' Trixx

This is well written explanation about bandwidth, very useful info.




BandWidth :


Most hosting companies offer a variety of bandwidth options in their plans. So exactly what is bandwidth as it relates to web hosting? Put simply, bandwidth is the amount of traffic that is allowed to occur between your web site and the rest of the internet. The amount of bandwidth a hosting company can provide is determined by their network connections, both internal to their data center and external to the public internet.


Network Connectivity :

The internet, in the most simplest of terms, is a group of millions of computers connected by networks. These connections within the internet can be large or small depending upon the cabling and equipment that is used at a particular internet location. It is the size of each network connection that determines how much bandwidth is available. For example, if you use a DSL connection to connect to the internet, you have 1.54 Mega bits (Mb) of bandwidth. Bandwidth therefore is measured in bits (a single 0 or 1). Bits are grouped in bytes which form words, text, and other information that is transferred between your computer and the internet.

If you have a DSL connection to the internet, you have dedicated bandwidth between your computer and your internet provider. But your internet provider may have thousands of DSL connections to their location. All of these connection aggregate at your internet provider who then has their own dedicated connection to the internet (or multiple connections) which is much larger than your single connection. They must have enough bandwidth to serve your computing needs as well as all of their other customers. So while you have a 1.54Mb connection to your internet provider, your internet provider may have a 255Mb connection to the internet so it can accommodate your needs and up to 166 other users (255/1.54).


Traffic :

A very simple analogy to use to understand bandwidth and traffic is to think of highways and cars. Bandwidth is the number of lanes on the highway and traffic is the number of cars on the highway. If you are the only car on a highway, you can travel very quickly. If you are stuck in the middle of rush hour, you may travel very slowly since all of the lanes are being used up.

Traffic is simply the number of bits that are transferred on network connections. It is easiest to understand traffic using examples. One Gigabyte is 2 to the 30th power (1,073,741,824) bytes. One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. To put this in perspective, it takes one byte to store one character. Imagine 100 file cabinets in a building, each of these cabinets holds 1000 folders. Each folder has 100 papers. Each paper contains 100 characters - A GB is all the characters in the building. An MP3 song is about 4MB, the same song in wav format is about 40MB, a full length movie can be 800MB to 1000MB (1000MB = 1GB).

If you were to transfer this MP3 song from a web site to your computer, you would create 4MB of traffic between the web site you are downloading from and your computer. Depending upon the network connection between the web site and the internet, the transfer may occur very quickly, or it could take time if other people are also downloading files at the same time. If, for example, the web site you download from has a 10MB connection to the internet, and you are the only person accessing that web site to download your MP3, your 4MB file will be the only traffic on that web site. However, if three people are all downloading that same MP at the same time, 12MB (3 x 4MB) of traffic has been created. Because in this example, the host only has 10MB of bandwidth, someone will have to wait. The network equipment at the hosting company will cycle through each person downloading the file and transfer a small portion at a time so each person's file transfer can take place, but the transfer for everyone downloading the file will be slower. If 100 people all came to the site and downloaded the MP3 at the same time, the transfers would be extremely slow. If the host wanted to decrease the time it took to download files simultaneously, it could increase the bandwidth of their internet connection (at a cost due to upgrading equipment).


Hosting Bandwidth :

In the example above, we discussed traffic in terms of downloading an MP3 file. However, each time you visit a web site, you are creating traffic, because in order to view that web page on your computer, the web page is first downloaded to your computer (between the web site and you) which is then displayed using your browser software (Internet Explorer, Netscape, etc.) . The page itself is simply a file that creates traffic just like the MP3 file in the example above (however, a web page is usually much smaller than a music file).

A web page may be very small or large depending upon the amount of text and the number and quality of images integrated within the web page. For example, the home page for CNN.com is about 200KB (200 Kilobytes = 200,000 bytes = 1,600,000 bits). This is typically large for a web page. In comparison, Yahoo's home page is about 70KB.


How Much Bandwidth Is Enough?

It depends (don't you hate that answer). But in truth, it does. Since bandwidth is a significant determinant of hosting plan prices, you should take time to determine just how much is right for you. Almost all hosting plans have bandwidth requirements measured in months, so you need to estimate the amount of bandwidth that will be required by your site on a monthly basis

If you do not intend to provide file download capability from your site, the formula for calculating bandwidth is fairly straightforward:

Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size x 31 x Fudge Factor

If you intend to allow people to download files from your site, your bandwidth calculation should be:

[(Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size) +
(Average Daily File Downloads x Average File Size)] x 31 x Fudge Factor

Let us examine each item in the formula:

Average Daily Visitors - The number of people you expect to visit your site, on average, each day. Depending upon how you market your site, this number could be from 1 to 1,000,000.

Average Page Views - On average, the number of web pages you expect a person to view. If you have 50 web pages in your web site, an average person may only view 5 of those pages each time they visit.

Average Page Size - The average size of your web pages, in Kilobytes (KB). If you have already designed your site, you can calculate this directly.

Average Daily File Downloads - The number of downloads you expect to occur on your site. This is a function of the numbers of visitors and how many times a visitor downloads a file, on average, each day.

Average File Size - Average file size of files that are downloadable from your site. Similar to your web pages, if you already know which files can be downloaded, you can calculate this directly.

Fudge Factor - A number greater than 1. Using 1.5 would be safe, which assumes that your estimate is off by 50%. However, if you were very unsure, you could use 2 or 3 to ensure that your bandwidth requirements are more than met.

Usually, hosting plans offer bandwidth in terms of Gigabytes (GB) per month. This is why our formula takes daily averages and multiplies them by 31.


Summary

Most personal or small business sites will not need more than 1GB of bandwidth per month. If you have a web site that is composed of static web pages and you expect little traffic to your site on a daily basis, go with a low bandwidth plan. If you go over the amount of bandwidth allocated in your plan, your hosting company could charge you over usage fees, so if you think the traffic to your site will be significant, you may want to go through the calculations above to estimate the amount of bandwidth required in a hosting plan.

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts for Mozilla Firefox :



CTRL + A Select all text on a webpage
CTRL + B Open the Bookmarks sidebar
CTRL + C Copy the selected text to the Windows clipboard
CTRL + D Bookmark the current webpage
CTRL + F Find text within the current webpage
CTRL + G Find more text within the same webpage
CTRL + H Opens the webpage History sidebar
CTRL + I Open the Bookmarks sidebar
CTRL + J Opens the Download Dialogue Box
CTRL + K Places the cursor in the Web Search box ready to type your search
CTRL + L Places the cursor into the URL box ready to type a website address
CTRL + M Opens your mail program (if you have one) to create a new email message
CTRL + N Opens a new Firefox window
CTRL + O Open a local file
CTRL + P Print the current webpage
CTRL + R Reloads the current webpage
CTRL + S Save the current webpage on your PC
CTRL + T Opens a new Firefox Tab
CTRL + U View the page source of the current webpage
CTRL + V Paste the contents of the Windows clipboard
CTRL + W Closes the current Firefox Tab or Window (if more than one tab is open)
CTRL + X Cut the selected text
CTRL + Z Undo the last action
F1 Opens Firefox help
F3 Find more text within the same webpage
F5 Reload the current webpage
F6 Toggles the cursor between the address/URL input box and the current webpage
F7 Toggles Caret Browsing on and off. Used to be able to select text on a webpage with the keyboard
F11 Switch to Full Screen mode

Trick To Make Your Firefox Fast






This tricks will improve the speed & load time of firefox. And you will be able to surf faster.


Type about:config in the address bar, Then look for the following entries, and make the corresponding changes.

1. network.http.max-connections-per-server =32
2. network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-proxy =16
3. network.http.max-connections = 64
4. network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server = 10
5. network.http.pipelining = true
6. network.http.pipelining.maxrequests = 200
7. network.http.request.max-start-delay = 0
8. network.http.proxy.pipelining = true
9. network.http.proxy.version = 1.0

Lastly right-click anywhere and select New- Integer. Name it nglayout.initialpaint.delay and set its value to 0. This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it recieves.Enjoy!!

Free E-Books to learn Ethical Hacking





You can get good command on ethical hacking after read these 30 e-books. Each book contains a module.
http://rapidshare.com/files/262587476/CEHv6_Module0-1-2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262593207/CEHv6_Module_03_Footprinting.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262594256/CEHv6_Module_04_Google_Hacking.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262599065/CEHv6_Module_05_Scanning.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262600230/CEHv6_Module_06_Enumeration.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262604401/CEHv6_Module_07_System_Hacking.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262607183/CEHv6_Module_08_Trojans_and_Backdoors.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262609483/CEHv6_Module_09_Viruses_and_Worms.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262612347/CEHv6_Module_10_Sniffers.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262613558/CEHv6_Module_11_Social_Engineering.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262615552/CEHv6_Module-12-13-14rar.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262617306/CEHv6_Module-15-16.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262620324/CEHv6_Module-17-21.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/262623982/CEHv6_Module_20_Hacking_Wireless_Networks.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263331739/CEHv6_Module-19-28-29.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263333391/CEHv6_Module_18_Web_based_Password_Cracking_Techniques.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263335745/CEHv6_Module_22_Linux_Hacking.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263340349/CEHv6_Module-23-24.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263342138/CEHv6_Module-25-30-guide.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/263344498/CEHv6_Module_26_Penetration_Testing.rar

Get free GPRS settings for any operator/mobile in world on Your Mobile Phone





Free manual GPRS settings:
Most
of people have face problems regarding gprs settings on their mobile
phones. I have been getting lots of public reviews about how to
configure and where to get gprs setting, So I publish here most of gprs
settings for most of mobile service operator (India) to enter in your
phone mannulay. Here you have manual gprs settings for vodafone, hutch,
idea, airtel, bsnl, airtel live, airtel mobile you can enter in your
phone and configure mannually.

Manual Reliance Smart GPRS Settings:

Settings for SMARTWAP:

* Account name : SMARTWAP
* Access point name: SMARTWAP
* Home page: http://wap.rworld.co.in/gsm/index.wml
* Wapgateway proxy IP address: 97.253.29.199
* Port: 8080

Settings for SMATRNET:

* Account name: SMARTNET
* Access point name: SMARTNET
* Home page: http://www.google.co.in
* Wapgateway proxy IP address: 97.253.29.199
* Port: 8080

Settings for MMS:

* Account name: RTLMMS
* Access point name:MMS
* Homepage: http://10.114.0.5/mms/
* Wapgateway IP: 10.114.0.13
* Port: 9401

Manual Idea gprs Settings:

1. Account Name – idea_GPRS
2. Username – leave Blank
3. Password – leave Blank
4. Homepage – http://wap.ideafresh.com
5. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
6. Proxy and Server adress – 010.004.042.045
7. Databearer – GPRS / Packetdata
8. Acces Point Name – imis
9. Proxy – Enabled/yes
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Hutch or Vodafone Essar gprs Settings:

1. Account Name – Vodafone Live
2. User Name – leave Blank
3. Password – leave Blank
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes
5. Access Point Name – portalnmms
6. Proxy – Enabled/yes.
7. Proxy and Server address – 010.010.001.100
8. Proxy and Server Port – 9401 or 8080
9. Homepage – http://live.vodafone.in
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual Airtel gprs Settings:

1. Account Name – Airtel_gprs
2. User Name – leave Blank
3. Password – leave Blank
4. Homepage – http://live.airtelworld.com
5. Proxy – Enabled/yes.
6. Proxy and Server Adress – 202.56.231.117
7. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
8. Data bearer – GPRS or Packet Data.
9. Access Point Name – airtelgprs.com
10. Authentication Type – Normal
11. Use preferred access point – No

Manual Airtel live settings

1. Account Name – Airtel_live
2. Homepage – http://live.airtelworld.com
3. Username – leave Blank
4. Password – leave Blank
5. Proxy – Enabled/yes
6. Proxy and Server Adress – 100.001.200.099
7. Accespoint Name – airtelfun.com
8. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
9. Data bearer – GPRS/ Packet Data
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual BPL gprs Settings:

1. Account Name – BPL WAP
2. Username – leave blank
3. Password – leave blank
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes
5. Homepage – http://wap.mizone.bplmobile.com
6. Proxy and Server address – 10.0.0.10
7. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
8. Acces Point Name – mizone
9. Data bearer – GPRS/ Packetdata
10. Authentication Type – Normal

Manual BSNL north gprs Settings:

1. Account Name – bsnlwap
2. Username – leave blank
3. Password – leave blank
4. Proxy – Enabled/yes
5. Homepage – http://wap.cellone.in
6. Proxy and Server address – 010.132.194.196
7. Proxy and Server Port – 8080
8. Acces Point Name – wapnorth.cellone.in
9. Data bearer – GPRS/ Packetdata
10. Authentication Type – Normal